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The Serrano are an indigenous people of California. They use the autonyms of Taaqtam, meaning "people"; Maarenga'yam, "people from Morongo"; and Yuhaviatam, "people of the pines." Today the Maarenga'yam are enrolled in the Morongo Band of Mission Indians, and the Yuhaviatam are enrolled in the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians. Additionally, some Serrano people are enrolled in the Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians.〔("Serrano." ) ''San Diego State University Library and Information Access.'' 2010. Retrieved 25 Nov. 2012〕 The Serrano historically lived the San Bernardino Mountains and other Transverse Ranges, and in the southern Mojave Desert, within Southern California. ==History== The Serrano language is part of the Takic subset of the large Uto-Aztecan languages group of indigenous people of North America. The language family historically extended from Mexico along the West Coast and into the Great Basin, with representation among tribes in Mesoamerica.〔The following material appears to come mostly from the 1901 Smithsonian Institution report on American Indians.〕〔("Serrano" ), ''Handbook of the American Indian'', AccessGenealogy〕 They were a branch of the Takic languages speaking people who arrived in Southern California around 2,500 years ago. ''Serrano'' means "highlander" or "mountaineer" in Spanish.〔Pritzker 142〕 When the Spanish missionaries came into the region, in the late 18th century they helped create the tribal name ''Serrano'', distinguishing the people from neighboring tribes who were designated as the Tongva (''Gabrileño—Fernandeño'') to the northwest, and Kitanemuk and Tataviam to the northwest. The Spanish founded Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in 1771, south of the San Gabriel Mountains and southwest of the San Bernardino Mountains. With the establishment of the mission, the Serrano lands claimed by the Spanish came under the jurisdiction of the mission and its subsequent outposts, or ''asistencias'', in particular the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia, established in 1819. With the Cahuilla and Quechan tribes, in 1812 the Serrano revolted against it and other local missions practicing Indian reductions. In 1834 the Mexican Alta California government forcibly relocated many Serrano to the missions. They suffered devastating smallpox outbreaks in 1840 and 1860, as they had no immunity to the Eurasian disease. In 1867 the Yuhaviatam band of Serrano were the victims of a massacre conducted by American settlers of the San Bernardino Valley, during a 32-day campaign at Chimney Rock. The massacre was a response to a raid, probably carried out by Chemehuevi Southern Paiutes, on a white settlement at Lake Arrowhead, during which buildings were burned. Three American ranch hands were killed at a ranch called Los Flores in Summit Valley, near present-day Hesperia. Tribal leader Santos Manuel led the survivors from the mountains to the valley, where they established permanent residence adjacent to the hot springs near present-day Highland. In 1891 the United States established the San Manuel Reservation for the Serrano people, which took its name to honor of Chief Santos Manuel. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Serrano people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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